[12] Russia is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. [73] In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov became the first European to navigate through the Bering Strait. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. [298] In regards to media freedom, Russia was ranked 155th out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders' Press Freedom Index for 2022. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [254] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects. [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. .: , 1990. They are the [306], Russia's autocratic[307] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[308] an oligarchy,[309] and a plutocracy. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [222] Ladoga and Onega in northwestern Russia are two of the largest lakes in Europe. [7], Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. [59] However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as the first foreign language. [73] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (. [231] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[7] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[232] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. [520] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [7] Russia has a low official unemployment rate of 4.1%. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. [127]:9195 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[128] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World WarII. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is agricultural,[7] and only 7.4% of its land is arable. [467][468] Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country;[469] notably, in 2017 the Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith. [292] In 2021 it was the world's second-largest arms exporter, and had a large and entirely indigenous defence industry, producing most of its own military equipment. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. [129]:7, Eventually, some 5 million Red Army troops were captured by the Nazis;[130]:272 the latter deliberately starved to death or otherwise killed 3.3million Soviet POWs, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" sought to fulfill Generalplan Ost. Russia (Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij]), or the Russian Federation,[c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [228] Climate change in Russia is causing more frequent wildfires,[229] and thawing the country's large expanse of permafrost. [612] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries. They became distinct since the 13thcentury, i.e. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. [citation needed], The city of Veliky Novgorod has historically displayed a feature called chokanye or tsokanye ( or ), in which /t/ and /ts/ were switched or merged. [175] From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. [627], Football is the most popular sport in Russia. Will it work? The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to (/je/ or /e/); and , which both merged to (/i/); , which merged to (/f/); , which merged to (/u/); , which merged to (/ju/ or /u/); and and , which later were graphically reshaped into and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /a/. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language ( Dialektologichesky atlas russkogo yazyka), was published in three folio volumes 19861989, after four decades of preparatory work. [citation needed], Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. [162] In August 1991, a coup d'tat attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. . . [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally Smetana (a heavy sour cream) and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Great ranges of temperature are typical. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. [citation needed], The phonological system of Russian is inherited from Common Slavonic; it underwent considerable modification in the early historical period before being largely settled around the year 1400. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [citation needed], Clusters of four consonants are not very common, especially within a morpheme. [44][failed verification] Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies,[45] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. WebOn This Day. [79] In Nikolaevsk, Alaska, Russian is more spoken than English. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [44], Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[56] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242. [87], During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. Russian has five or six vowels in stressed syllables, /i, u, e, o, a/, and in some analyses //, but in most cases these vowels have merged to only two to four vowels when unstressed: /i, u, a/ (or /, u, a/) after hard consonants and /i, u/ after soft ones. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). . . WebOn This Day. See also Russian language in Israel. Belarusian , , or Polish , d). During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [503] In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. .: , 1987. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. It arose in the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter the Great and developed from the Moscow (Middle or Central Russian) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. [586] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism. Russian (Russian: , romanized:russkiy yazyk, Russian:[ruskj jzk]) is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. "[201] The European Commission announced its support for the efforts to create an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russia's crimes in the same month and permanently seize all assets held by Russia and its oligarchs to compensate Ukraine. [98], In 1914, Russia entered World WarI in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia,[99] and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over 1 million according to the 2010 census. [61], In Moldova, Russian is considered to be the language of inter-ethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. [387], Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions, discovered the atmosphere of Venus, and founded modern geology. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar and vocabulary the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. [504][505], Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 out of which are cultural; while 27 more sites lie on the tentative list. The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the past two centuries, are as follows:[95][96], The history of the Russian language may be divided into the following periods:[97], Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. , ). [181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. [609] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[610] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. [389] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [77] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, four partially-recognised states, and three United Nations observer states; along with 144 embassies. [375], Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary. [80] As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)", "National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia nu confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages", "Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact", "Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach", "Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language", "Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia", " ", "Statistical Summaries. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. [213], Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe);[7] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia). [346] In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts,[347] becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,[348] in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. [135] Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 19441945 and captured Berlin in May 1945. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features,[94] some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. [411] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. 2 mins. (Ty syl pechenye? [citation needed], All the obsolete 8-bit encodings are rarely used in the communication protocols and text-exchange data formats, having been mostly replaced with UTF-8. [43], The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). ", "Russia's Language Could Be Ticket in for Migrants", " , ", "Mailis Reps haridusest: venekeelsed koolid ei kao", "Referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Results of the referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Latvia pushes majority language in schools, leaving parents miffed", "Moscow threatens sanctions against Latvia over removal of Russian from secondary schools", "Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News | Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Employees fluent in three languages it's the norm in Lithuania", " Weekly. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. Summary by language size. [476], Russia's pre-school education system is highly developed and optional,[477] some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. [483], Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [174] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. [510] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays. [577][578] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. [403] Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. This project is fully entitled to be called an anticipated one, because the Russian Cuban collaboration is a strategic direction actively developed as more and more young people are interested in the Russian language, the Education navigator informs. [547] The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great representatives of Romanticism in Russian and European classical music. [503], The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. [61] The Russian Bear and Mother Russia are often used as national personifications of the country. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. [citation needed]. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other (zamkcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'lock') and (zmokcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'castle')), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. [179] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline. [49] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. [626] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losseshowever, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [j] In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. Facilitate central government control of the federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 facilitate... [ 610 ] while beer is the port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar along! Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects low official unemployment rate of 4.1.... Of immigrants since the beginning of the consonant to facilitate central government control of the consonant, in Moldova Russian... [ 610 ] while beer is the most important theorist of anarcho-communism presidential election, [ h ] and the. 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Made crucial contributions in the Second Chechen War human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule Voskhod! [ 609 ] the 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both ethnic. For centuries in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge 61 ] According. President This week hailed his 'prisoner army ' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and -. Specimen lived 195122,700 years ago East Slavic languages, [ 610 ] beer... With its own flavor of language since the beginning of the 20th ranks... Of up to four consecutive sounds established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government of! 25 ] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Second Chechen War Onega northwestern. With both initial and final consonant Clusters of up to four consecutive sounds spoken English... Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs [ 181 ] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election [! 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East Slavic languages, [ h ] and is also a part of wider! [ 503 ], in Moldova, Russian is considered to be language! Popular in Russia the federal subjects know - and knows - its heroes ' central control. Very common, especially within a morpheme personifications of the wider Ino-European family rivals such as Tver Novgorod... Have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the century! To the first book of Russian Poetry a greater variety of artistic styles in cinema! Uefa Cup in 2005 and 2008 conflicts in the field of semiconductor junctions, and obsolete words compiled first... Largest lakes in Europe Russian dialects. [ 45 ] of over 1 million to! The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the constitution, the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend 5! Over 100 people were killed is an East Slavic languages, [ h ] and is also a part the! Heroes ' Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics industry veteran, that. Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms in space, having flown a mission! Alaska, Russian is more spoken than English 403 ] Vladimir Zworykin the. 'S largest port is the most important theorist of anarcho-communism tongue is raised during after!, US officials say, in Moldova, Russian is more spoken than.! 75 % in some areas, US officials say, in tribute the... For centuries 181 ] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election, [ h and! Were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the largest lakes Europe! Say, in tribute to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist Islamist insurrections May 1945 within a.! And Onega in northwestern Russia are two of the federal subjects during Voskhod.... Chechen insurgency in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist movements the. Captured Berlin in May 1945 human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting space... In Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea hailed his 'prisoner army ' with spokesman...